Behaviors and Practices of Nursing Students

Behaviors and Practices of Nursing educateesOverview and Critical Appraisal of the StudiesAll of the embroild studies clearly outlined their look into question, purpose, target population, exemplification and its characteristics. Out of 11 studies, five studies employ flummox sectional design (1, 9-12), two studies use longitudinal design (13-14), two studies utilize experimental designs (8, 15), and one scan each employ qualitative (16) and action interrogation method (17). Out of 11 studies, five studies guided the investigate finished the lens of supposititious framework (9, 11, 12, 14, 17). The sample size ranged from 15-300 and was recruited victimisation well-off sampling. None of the studies utilize a stochastic sample. Ethical approval and informed take to was obtained in all of the studies and essential measures were taken to ensure confidentiality and privacy of the participants. All of the studies used validated and reliable entropy solicitation instru ments except some researchers (1, 10, 11, 14). The researchers used appropriate methods for descriptive and inferential analyses. The detail findings and strengths and limitations of the studies are presented in table I.FindingsThe findings of this suss out were inform under seven categories namely, physical and physiological self-care behaviors and practices, substance hollo and driving, health covering fire practices, emotional and mental healthcare behaviors and practices, factors and preventatives influencing healthcare behaviors and practices, equation of health care practice of nurse and non-nursing students, and comparison of health behaviors and practice crosswise academic years.Physical and Physiological Behaviors and PracticesThe physical and physiological behaviors and practices of nursing students was the most repetitive theme in most of the studies (1, 9-17). Based on findings of this review, it was defined as the behaviors or practices concerning diet or food , exercise or physical activities, and calming habits of students. All of the studies under this theme describe healthy self-care behaviors of students except two studies (1, 10). For example, Horneffer (11) imbed that out of 300 students, 58% students exercised regularly opus only 4% did not exercise. Nevins and Sherman (2016) found that out of 119 students, 77.7% ate a balance diet maculation 22.6% rarely ate balanced diet, 62% students reported imbibition close to 3 to 8 glasses of water daily, 34% exercised regularly and 24.5% exercised rarely, save 70% students did not exercise enough. Consistently, Chow and Kalischuk (12) found that out of 211 students, 83% used to sleep 6 to 8 hours at night 60% reported that the sleep was adequate while 37% reported inadequate sleep, 65% students reported drinking four to eight glasses of water or juice a day, 77% students ate balanced diet (49% frequently and 28% consistently), and 71% students exercised regularly or now and then wh ile 4% did not exercise at all. Clment et al., (13) observed self-care practices of students for tierce consecutive years 1992, 1993, and 1994. The authors reported that majority of the students reported having adequate sleep (1992= 73%, 1993= 79%, 1994= 71%), eating balanced diet (1992= 88%, 1993= 81%, 1994= 79%), and carrying out adequate exercise (1992= 81%, 1993= 81%, 1994= 67%). Similar findings were reported by other researchers (8, 14-17). However, Ashcraft and Gatto (1) and Haddad et al., (10) reported that students had low to moderate self-care behaviors. The mean self-care practices on health responsibility, physical practise, and nutrition ranged from 2.07 to 2.58 indicating low self-care practices (10). In ordinary, the evidence suggests that students concur good self-scare practices in price of nutrition, sleep, drinking water, and physical activity. Siappos et al., (16) qualitative findings affirms this because the students realized the grandness of balanced diet, active lifestyle, adequate sleep, and body hygiene in maintaining their self-care.Substance Abuse and Driving PracticesSeveral studies reported substance abuse including tobacco, alcohol, and illegal medicate use and driving habits of nursing students (11-14, 16). In general, all of the studies reported that nursing students avoided smoking, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, and use gum elastic measures while driving. For example, Siappos et al., (16) reported that students did not want to use tobacco and drugs because they considered them a threat to their health and security. Horneffer (11) reported that 71% students never smoked and 18% never consumed alcohol. However, 5% who smoked were not interested in quitting and 38% who consumed alcohol did not intend to refrain from it. Chow and Kalischuk (12) found that 59% students consumed alcohol occasionally while 35% did not consume at all and 85% students were non-smokers. This was the spiritedest percentage of alcohol consumptio n in all the reviewed studies. Likewise, Clment et al., (13) found that all oer three years, 80 to 93% students did not consume alcohol, 80% to 90% abstained from smoking, and 94% to 90% wear seat belts while driving. Shriver and Scott-Stiles (14) assessed self-care practices of 71 nursing students over two years. The researchers found that there was value in the self-care behaviors of nursing students regarding alcohol and illegal drug use in the first year 9.9% students consumed alcohol and 1.4 % used illegal drugs, while in the randomness year 8.8% consumed alcohol and 0 % used illegal drugs. Regarding driving habits, an improvement was seen in the first year 57.7% ever much wear seat belt as drivers and 39.4% as passengers, while in the second year this percentage increased to 77.2% and 57.9% respectively. On the other hand, the students smoked more in the second year (8.8%) equald to first year (7.0%). However, the results of this study should be generalized with caution due to 9.94% attrition of nursing students in the second year. health Screening Practiceswellness screening practices including Pap smear, self-breast examinations, self-testicular examination, and general screening were assessed by only two studies. Clment et al., (13) assessed self-care behaviors of students concerning self-breast examinations, clinical breast examination, and Pap smear. The researchers found that high percentage of nursing students engaged in clinical breast examination (1992= 75%, 1993= 79%, and 1994= 77%) and Pap smear (1992= 67%, 1993= 69%, and 1994= 81%) compared to self-breast examination (1992= 27%, 1993= 41%, and 1994= 43%). Shriver and Scott-Stiles (14) found that the percentage of students engaged in most of health screening practices increased from first year to second year. For example, self-breast examination (23.3% to 33.3%), self-testicular exam (0% to 33.3%), and blood pressure monitor (83.1 to 87.7%). However, there was a slight decrease in some areas such as cholesterol monitoring (31.0% to 29.8%) and safe sex practices (63.4% to 50.9%). In general, the results are mixed but indicates that students engage themselves in their health screening and realize its splendour in maintaining self-care.Emotional and psychological Behaviors and PracticesSeveral studies discussed the emotional, psychological and supportive self-care behaviors and practices of students (1, 8-12, 17). For this review, such practices entailed try on management, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and use of complementary color therapies. Haddad et al., (10) reported low gain on spiritual growth, interpersonal relations and stress management of both Canadian and Jordanian nursing students with mean scores spiritual growth (2.97 vs 2.98), interpersonal relations (3.12 vs 2.78), and stress management (2.46 vs 2.58). In general, the scores indicated that students did not engage in healthy emotional and psychological self-care practices. inverse t o these findings, marginal (15) reported generally good mean scores on these two domains spiritual growth (3.27), interpersonal relations (3.43) and low scores on stress management (2.53). With regard to emotional self-care, Padykula (17) assessed emotional benefit of students and reported a high mean score of 4.12.With regard to the use of complementary therapies by students, Nevins and Sherman (9) found that out of 119 students, 45% actively used complementary therapies such as yoga, music, and meditation and while 54% denied victimization such therapies. This high percentage of students not using complementary therapies could be due to their wishing of knowledge. The researchers reported that students rated their knowledge about such therapies 5.5 on the scale of 10. Chow and Kalischuk (12) also found that out of 211 students, 76% students used complementary therapies for maintaining their emotional and psychological well-being. The students mainly used complementary therapie s massage (54%), vitamins (49%), chiropractic (25%), herbal medicine (24%), yoga (21%), aromatherapy (18%), and acupuncture (9%). Based on mixed findings under this theme, it could be implied that the entropy is insufficient to wee a conclusion as to what extent students engage in self-care practices that promote their emotional and psychological well-being.Factors/Interventions influencing Self-Care Behaviors and PracticesSeveral factors and interventions were reported to influence self-care practices and behaviors of students (1, 8-13, 15-17). The common factors were cultural beliefs, perceptions about health, watching awareness programs about self-care on TV (10), academic and clinical stress and workload (13, 16), and increased knowledge of diseases, poor life style habits and their consequences, and importance of becoming a role model for patients (14).With regard to interventions, several researchers tested the effect of interventions on self-care practices of students. For example, Stark et al., (8) and (15) tested the effect of health promotion intervention, while Padykula (17) studied the influence on self-care practices in response to a holistic nursing course and reflective journaling. Stark et al., (8) tested an intervention consisting of teaching posing about importance of self-care, development of self-care protrude, and evaluation of self-care plan over a semester in 82 nursing students, 72 occupational therapy, and 47 dustup expression pathology students. The speech pathology students were part of comparison group and received no intervention. With regard to intervention, significant differences were noted in the health practices concerning boilers suit HPLP (p=0.014), physical activity (p=0.001), and nutrition (p=0.025). Stark et al., (15) encouraged 67 students to develop a lifestyle self-care plan and engage in 2 hours/week self-care practice. The researchers found that this intervention resulted in an improvement of self-care practic es in five domains health responsibility (p=0.001), physical activity (p=0.001), nutrition (p=0.002), spiritual growth (p=0.002), and stress management (p=0.004). However, no significant differences were noted in the interpersonal relations domain (p=0.257). Likewise, Padykula (17) found significant pre-post mean differences in the domains environment (4.27 vs 4.35), health responsibility (4.17 vs 4.32), and emotional well-being (4.12 vs 4.23). Overall, based on these findings, it could be implied that students may find it touchy to engage in self-care due to the above listed factors but the use of reproductional and health promotion interventions help in improve their self-care behaviors and practices.Comparison of Self-Care Practices of Nursing and Non-Nursing StudentsThe self-care practices of nursing and non-nursing students were compared in three studies (8, 13-14). Stark et al., (8) compared 82 nursing students with 72 occupational therapy and 47 speech language pathology s tudents. As antecedently discussed, speech pathology students were part of comparison group and received no intervention. The researchers compared the intervention and comparison groups, but no comparison was made between three groups of students. Clment et al., (13) compared practices of nursing students with education students and then made an overall comparison of both nursing students with a baseline study of Quebec population (which is beyond the discussion of this paper). With regard to nursing students and education students, the researchers noted no significant difference in the health behaviors of nursing students over three years (p0.05) and between nursing and education students (p0.05). Shriver Scott-Stiles, (14) compared self-care practices of 71 nursing students and 83 non-nursing students in a two years longitudinal study. The tour of students decreased in the second year resulting in 57 nursing students and 20 non-nursing students, therefore results should be gener alized with caution. Some interesting findings of this study were non-nursing students (45.8%) exercised more regularly than nursing students (22.5%), but also smoked more than nursing students (non-nursing= 14.5% and nursing = 7.0%). Overall, significant improvements were seen in the self-care behaviors and practice of nursing students compared to non-nursing students in the domains eating habits (p=0.05) and self-breast examination (p=0.009). Overall, with one positive and one negative finding it was difficult to conclude whether nursing students self-care practices were better than non-nursing students.Comparison of Self-Care Behaviors and Practices across Academic YearsDirect comparison of students practices across different academic years was not made, but several studies compared the self-care practices across semesters and over a period of two or three years (1, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17). For example, Ashcraft and Gatto (1) reported that no significant difference was noted among the nursing students as they progressed through different years (p=0.72), but the mean scores of decreased across years. Stark et al., (8) collected data at two points in time semester I (T1) and semester II (T2) and noted significant differences between TI and T2 scores in the domains health responsibility (p=0.027), physical activity (p=0.017), and nutrition (p=0.047). Contrary to these findings, Clment et al., (13) and Nevins and Sherman (9) did not note any statistically significant difference across self-care practices of students across academic years. Padykula (17) also assessed differences in students thought of self-care practices at three times, that is, at the beginning of the holistic nursing course, at the mid, and at the end. The researchers reported significant differences at three points in time, but these findings cannot be substituted for self-care practices of students. Overall, these findings indicated that none of the studies presently compared the difference s in self-care practices across years, therefore no conclusion can be drawn.Discussion and Areas for Future ResearchThis literature review lookd self-care behaviors and practices of nursing students in general as well as across the academic years of study and identified areas for incoming research. The review of literature indicted that there are limited follow of studies conducted to explore self-care practices and behaviors of nursing students. An interesting pattern in the reviewed studies was the inclusion of more female nursing students compared to male nursing students. This could limit the findings of the studies to female population only. Therefore, coming(prenominal) studies should recruit an equal number of male and female students or should only focus on male nursing students. Also, future studies should use large, random, and representative samples. The future studies could also employ mixed-method approaches because the use of quantitative studies and self-administe red instruments for data collection could have provided an incomplete understanding of students self-care practices.The general conclusion drawn from the reviewed studies is that nursing students understand the importance of self-care for personal well-being and realized the importance of maintaining their diet, sleep, and activity level in order to improve physical and physiological health. They tend to refrain from tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drug use and pay attention to their personal safety. Nursing students also engage in self-screening practices. However, further research is needed to explore general health screening practices of students because reviewed studies provided limited evidence in this area. These studies focused on exploring screening practices related to Pap smear, self-breast and self-testicular examination and did not explore general screening practicing such as regular dental checkups, stress and depression testing, diabetic testing, blood pressure monitorin g, blood work and so forth. Also, the findings concerning self-testicular examination are not generalizable because of the limited number of male studies in the sample.Although studies reported factors and interventions that may influence self-care practices of nursing students, further correlational research is needed to explore the strength of relationship of these factors. Further research is also needed to study the effect previously discussed interventions through more robust experimental studies such as Randomized Control Trials (RCT). Future RCTs should include nursing students as control or comparison group rather than non-nursing students which may help in reducing any possible biases due to interconnected of characteristics of comparison and control groups. Since none of the studies directly compared the self-care practices and behaviors of students across different academic years, further research is need to fill this research gap too. Further research is also needed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of students regarding complementary therapies.LimitationsThis review is subject to several limitations i) literature search within four databases only and inclusion of limited studies could have resulted in excluding other relevant studies thereby providing an incomplete understanding of students self-care practices, ii) the exclusion of dissertations and theses could have also limited an in-depth understanding, and iii) the thematic analysis of self-care practices and behaviors could have been guided by any pertinent theoretical and conceptual framework.ConclusionIn conclusion, nursing students understood the importance of self-care for personal physical, psychological, and emotional well-being and realized the importance of maintaining their diet, sleep, and activity level to improve physical and physiological health. They tend to refrain from tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drug use, pay attention to their personal safety, and focus o n several health screening practices including Pap smear, self-breast and self-testicular examination. However, students tend to neglect self-care practices which could improve their emotional and psychological health because of several factors such as academic stress, workload and inadequate knowledge about the strategies to improve self-care in this domain. There seems to be limited evidence for drawing any conclusions regarding students use of complementary therapies for self-care, the difference between self-care practices of nursing and non-nursing students, the emolument of different interventions for improving students self-care practices, and difference is self-care practices and behaviors of students across academic years. Therefore, future research is needed in these areas.ReferencesAshcraft PF, Gatto SL. 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Health habits of nursing versus non-nursing students a longitudinal study. J Nurs Educ. 200039(7)308-14.Stark MA, Manning-Walsh J, Vliem S. Caring for self while learning to care for others a challenge for nursing students. J Nurs Educ. 200544(6)266 -70.Siappo CL, Nez YR, Cabral IE. Nursing students experiences in selfcare during training process in a private university in Chimbote, Peru. Escola Anna Nery. 201620(1)17-24.Padykula BM. RN-BS students reports of their self-care and health-promotion practices in a holistic nursing course. J Holist Nurs.20160898010116657226.Table I Summary of the Reviewed StudiesAuthors/ Study PurposeMethods/SampleFindingsStrengths and LimitationsShriver Scott-Stiles (2000)To fixate if nursing students practice healthy lifeStyles that would help prepare them to be effective advocates for health promotion and disease prevention.A longitudinal comparative study with a sample of 71 nursing students and 83 non-nursing students. Seven health care behaviors sleep, diet, activity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, sexual habits, self-screening were assessed. The Health Habit Inventory was used for data collection.The health behaviors of nursing were significantly higher than non-nursing students in both pre-and post-comparison.StrengthsUse of theoretical framework, comparative analysis of two different populations, duplicate of groups in terms demographic variables, and appropriate statistical analysis.LimitationsConvenient sample, more female students compare to male, mismatching in the age and gender of the groups, and use of non-valid and reliable instrument.Clment et al., (2002)To compare health care behaviors of nursing and education students over three year and to compare their results with general population.A longitudinal comparative study with a sample of 52 nursing students and 93 education students. Seven health care behaviors sleep, diet, physical activity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, self-breast examinations, pap tests, and clinical test examination were assessed. The Health Behavior Questionnaire was used for data collection.There were no significant differences in the health behaviors intervention and control group.StrengthsComparative analysis of two differen t populations, matching of groups in terms demographic variables, and appropriate statistical analysis.LimitationsThe participants were mainly female nursing students, high attrition rates (73.1% for nursing students and 58.9% for education students), and no random sample.Haddad et al., (2004)To compare healthcare practices of Canadian and Jordanian nursing studentsA descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 49 Canadian and 44 Jordanian nursing students. selective information was collected using Health Promoting Life Style Profile-II (HPLP-II) which collects information regarding health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations and stress management.Both Canadian and Jordanian students scored low to m moderate on all domains. The Canadian scored more on health care practices in terms of health responsibility, physical activity, and interpersonal relations.StrengthsComparative analysis of two different cultures.LimitationsThe pa rticipants were mainly female nursing students, use of non-valid and non-reliable Arabic version of HPLSP-II, small and convenient sample.Stark et al., (2005)To study the effect of health promotion intervention on self-care of nursing students.A pre-post intervention study with a sample of 67 students. The intervention consisted of development of lifestyle self-care plan and 2 hours/week self-care practice. The HPLP-II was used for data collection.A significant increase in self-care of nursing students was noted on sextet domains of HPLSP-II except for interpersonal relations.StrengthsUse of a valid and reliable data collection tool, appropriate statistical analysis,LimitationsSmall and non-random convenient sample, no blinding, and no comparison or control group.Horneffer (2006)To assess nursing students degree of alignment with their self-concepts beliefs and explore the relationship of self-concepts with health behaviors and attitude towards health promotion messages.A descripti ve cross sectional survey with a sample of 300 students. Data was collected using a scale to measure dimensions of self-concept (anonymous scale), Health Risk Assessment Form, and heath Promotion messages regarding diet, exercise, and sleeping habits.Most of the students perceived that health is closely related to taking care of oneself and dimensions of self-concept associated with health behaviors and responses to health promotion messages.StrengthsUse of a theoretical framework to conceptualize self-concept and use of large sample.LimitationsData collection from one institution and little information provided about the validity and reliability testing of the used instruments.Chow Kalischuk (2008)To examine undergraduate nursing students self-care behaviors.A descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 211 out of 330 students. Data was collected using the Self-Care Complementary Therapies Survey.The nursing students practiced a positive level of self-care. Most of the s tudents reported that they drink enough fluids, have adequate sleep, eat balanced diet, personally used complementary therapies.StrengthsUse of a theoretical model as a framework and the use of a valid and reliable data collection tool.LimitationsSmall and convenient sample, cross-sectional design, and data collection from one institution, and more female participants than male.Stark et al., (2012)To increase health care behaviors of healthcare students by using a health promotion intervention.A pre-post intervention study with a comparison group. The sample consisted of 201 students 82 nursing students, 72 occupational therapy, and 47 speech language pathology students. The HPLP-II was used for data collection. Speech language pathology students received no intervention. The intervention consisted of teaching session about importance of self-care, development of self-care plan, and evaluation of self-care plan over a semester.The intervention group improved their self-care practic es compared to comparison group. There were also significance differences in pre-and post-comparison.StrengthsUse of a valid and reliable data collection tool, use of comparison group, appropriate statistical analysis, and matching of comparison and intervention group in terms of age, race, gender and marital status.LimitationsSmall and non-random sample, no blinding, and discipline specific differences among the participants were not considered, and more female students than male.Ashcraft Gatto (2015)To explore self-care practices among nursing students.A pilot cross-sectional study with a sample of 199 students. Live thoroughly Lifestyle Assessment Scale was used for data collection.Students tend to neglect their self-care and focus more on the care of patients.LimitationsSmall and convenient sample, pilot design, and data collection from one institution, missing data as 81 (41%) questionnaires were invalid, and more female students compare to male.Nevins Sherman (2016)To inves tigate baccalaureate nursing student perspectives of self-care practices to gain understanding of their value in health promotion.A descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 119 students. Data was collected using the Self-Care Complementary Therapies Survey.The overall health status was rated as 7.8 on 10. Students diet, sleep, and exercise practices were satisfactory.StrengthsUse of a theoretical model as a framework and the use of a valid and reliable data collection tool.LimitationsLow response rate (44.5%), small and convenient sample, cross-sectional design, data collection from one institution, chances of social desirability bias.Padykula (2016)To explore RN-BS students self-care and health promotion practices (SCHP) in a holistic nursing course.A qualitative study action research with a sample of 15 students. Data was collected using reflective journal writing and the Integrative Health and Wellness Assessment (IHW