Artist vs. Artisan

Craftsman versus Craftsman Craftsman versus Craftsman Craftsman versus Craftsman By Mark Nichol What’s the distinction between a craftsman and a craftsman? This pointlessly delicate inquiry is proportional to the issue of what comprises craftsmanship and what is assigned as art. In the two cases, the previous word basically alludes to the creation of unmistakable or immaterial items as a declaration of innovativeness and creative mind for simply tasteful reasons. A craftsman, in the interim, however prodded by similar driving forces, produces creates, which, however they might be procured uniquely for enrichment, are intended to be pragmatic. Consequently, however some pressure among craftsman and craftsman between makers of workmanship and planners of artworks may exist in view of an apparent differential in their relative social status, the specialized definitions are only that: exact differentiations not in quality or masterful accomplishment yet in work. The word for the maker of craftsmanship is the sexually impartial term craftsman. (The French type of the word, artiste, came to apply all the more comprehensively to innovative experts, particularly entertainers, however it additionally has a derisive feeling of â€Å"pretentious artist.†) By augmentation, one gifted in any undertaking even a scalawag may procure the term. On the other hand, producers of specialties have sexual orientation explicit names skilled worker and craftswoman however craftsperson is the characteristic unbiased term, numerous such experts like to be called craftsmans. (The Latin progenitor of this term is artire, which implies â€Å"to train in the arts.†) Different words that at last get from the Latin word ars (â€Å"art†) incorporate antiquity, which originates from the Italian word artifatto and at last from the Latin expressions arte and factum (which means â€Å"thing made†), initially having basically an archeological sense however now alluding to anything abandoned or remaining, and cunning, which initially implied workmanship at the same time, from an optional feeling of â€Å"cunning,† came to allude to misdirection or deceit. (In any case, artificer stays an equivalent for craftsman, in spite of the fact that it can likewise allude to one who thinks up or makes things or thoughts.) Artificial, the descriptive type of cunning, comprehensively alludes to anything not created in nature. Shrewd once alluded only to aesthetic expertise however later basically came to mean â€Å"dexterous, wily†; in that sense, the term is most popular in the moniker of the Artful Dodger, a dexterous youthful pickpocket in Charles Dickens’s tale Oliver Twist. The antonym, unstudied, in like manner was initially a reference to an absence of ability yet now typically alludes to awkwardness in word or deed. Refined and educated both depict craftsmen, yet the terms have built up a deprecatory feeling of claim, and aesthetic is hyphenated in mix with craftsy and, more terrible, fartsy, to allude to somebody with such pretense, or a making of theirs. Workmanship is utilized in blend with different terms to mean subgenres with genuine creative aspirations (â€Å"art film,† â€Å"art rock†) just as imaginative developments, as in â€Å"art deco,† a truncation of the French expression craftsmanship dã ©coratif (â€Å"decorative art†), and craftsmanship nouveau (â€Å"new art†); the principal letter of each word in these expressions is regularly promoted, particularly when related with other beginning topped assignments. Another development, named expressions and artworks, is generally beginning topped to recognize it from nonexclusive references. The aesthetic sciences are the scholastic subjects otherwise called the humanities. The term liberal stems from the possibility that information regarding these matters and the specialist abilities are vital with the expectation of complimentary individuals to know so as to be profitable citizenry. From the expression â€Å"liberal arts† comes the assignments for dominance of coursework known as the four year certification in liberal arts and ace of expressions degrees (shortened, on the other hand as â€Å"bachelor’s degree,† or bachelor’s, and â€Å"master’s degree,† or master’s). These terms have no particular connection to craftsmanship itself, however study and additionally practice of workmanship might be a segment of the coursework. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowRunning Amok or Running Amuck?10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Hierarchical Production Planning Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd.

Question: Examine about the Hierarchical Production Planning for Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. Answer: Presentation: This article is a definite examination of the present tasks of Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. The examination intends to comprehend the tasks and locate the operational issues that came about because of the consistent increment in deals of custom cupboards and the low volume contracts with spec manufacturers. A lot of capital is put into the stock at different phases of creation and the space to store the equivalent is constrained. The lead time for every conveyance has expanded and need was given to custom cupboards. Specialists and hardware are working at their most noteworthy creation limit. In short the organization is presently confronting issues with space and assets. The Current System At present the organization has a solitary assembling office for both custom cupboards and normalized cupboards. The office has separate segments for the different hardware and get together regions deliberately positioned in the office. Both the custom and normalized cupboards are created in these equivalent areas. The organization in fact is utilizing work creation framework for the custom cupboards and a bunch creation framework for the normalized bureau (Krajewski, 2013). Be that as it may, since the custom cupboards produce 75% of the income and add to 60% of the requests at whatever point there is a conveyance slack, the standard cupboards are pulled off and the custom bureau fabricating organized. The spec manufacturers are value delicate and since they for the most part sell their work post finishing the conveyance time for their situation is similarly significant (Tookey, 2012). The conveyance time is continually expanding particularly if there should arise an occurrence of s pec manufacturers because of the above procedure. The Scheduling procedure of the organization is enduring a hotshot. Preferably they are utilizing a retrogressive planning strategy through which they decide the beginning date dependent on the conveyance date (Heizer, 2016). This is on the grounds that the vast majority of the customers would give the organization a cutoff time by which they require the cupboards. The booking anyway isn't in a state of harmony with the creation. The planning calculations utilized for creation of standard cupboards are not taking into picture the chance of deferral due to organizing the custom cupboards. Likewise, because of the equivalent the odds of bottlenecks is high. A moving bottleneck Heuristic calculation can be useful for this situation in any case, no such calculation is set up (Liu, 2012). The space in the assembling office is constrained and a distribution center has been leased as an impermanent arrangement because of the expanding stock of work in progress items and crude materials. Stock administration is confined because of space limitation and no reasonable contrast in the assembling procedures of the two cupboards (Jacobs, 2013). Likewise, the skilled workers need to move among custom and standard cupboards to compensate for the conveyance time. This switch impacts the nature of the item as well as impacts the specialists as a similar individual needs to chip away at both the items. Impacts of new developers kitchen The new developers kitchen adds to 40% of the requests and 25% of the income and has henceforth become a significant division for the organization. The creation of the cupboards are normalized and are produced in clumps of one to five. The creation is done on a similar gear as the custom cupboards and the equivalent skilled workers are utilized to guarantee nature of the items. Be that as it may, the expanding deals of the normalized cupboards have significantly affected the creation framework at the organization. The principal issue is that the clump creation pulled in noteworthy crude material necessities, when the organization has low space (John, 2015). If there should arise an occurrence of the custom cupboards the need to store work in progress items is less and the items is general conveyed when the creation and get together is finished. In any case, if there should be an occurrence of normalized cupboards, the creation cycle must be continued bringing about high volume WIP it ems, that must be put away inside the constrained space. The items utilize a similar hardware as the custom cupboards and consequently the odds of jug neck are high particularly that there is just one assembling office (Hax, 2013). On the off chance that the booking was done in the most fitting way the apparatus can be utilized viably. In any case, given the expansion in deals the hardware being referred to is workaholic behavior to satisfy the developing interest. The skilled workers need to concoct structures for every spec manufacturer and need to create the equivalent in bunches while ensuring that the custom bureau creation isn't in hold. The mass bureau creation isn't normalized and subsequently doesn't have a different work process. It for the most part hinders with the custom bureau creation that have a higher income age. The spec manufacturers have tight cutoff times and are monetarily cognizant and henceforth anticipate that their item should be conveyed in time (Qian, 2014). In any case, the expanding request and limited assets would for the most part cause a deferral in conveyance. This thus is affecting the conveyance time of custom items much after the equivalent is organized. Since the deals of both the bureau assortments is continually expanding into is just a short time before stock flood and enormous conveyance slacks happen (Meredith, 2009). Impact of manufacturers kitchen on money related structure On a more extensive degree the agreement with the manufacturers kitchen impacts the accounts of the organization, anyway with proper ventures these impacts can be an income generator for the organization. There is noteworthy extent of increment in deals which would imply that there is a prerequisite for the organization to extend. The development would require procuring another assembling office with apparatus to deliver standard cupboards which is a huge venture. Separate specialists must be employed to work for the new office. This can be a low venture as the specialists would need to redo an accessible structure as opposed to the think of another plan. Henceforth experts with medium ability can be recruited however there can't be a trade off in quality. This would likewise pull in preparing costs. Acquisition of a stockroom to store both the bureau assortments at different phases of creation is required. This would guarantee that the assembling offices are not obstructed. Likewise a successful stock administration and a trough for the equivalent are required to ensure that the exchange of merchandise happen easily (Johnson, 2014). The organization would be advantageous by refreshing to a PC based creation and conveyance framework to monitor their different capacities in both the areas. This would assist them with understanding the position, situation and progress on an item (Ellram, 2013). The count of conveyance times would be simpler. There are a few organizations that gain notoriety after some time and have a spike in their deals without understanding that their present creation framework may not be prepared to satisfy the requests. The organizations that recognize this issue in time can make huge income by rolling out proper improvements. At whatever point another division is added to an organization it is urgent to examine its belongings both actually and monetarily and discover approach to change these impacts into income. Scaling of apparatus and assets is critical to help deals of any organization. References Ellram, L. M., La Londe, B. J., Weber, M. M. (2013). Retail coordinations. Global Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Hax, A. C. (2013). Progressive creation arranging (pp. 708-712). Springer US. Heizer, J., Render, B., Munson, C. (2016). Standards of tasks the executives: maintainability and flexibly chain the board. Pearson Higher Ed. Jacobs, R., Chase, R. (2013). Tasks and gracefully chain the executives. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. John, N. E., Etim, J. J., Ime, T. U. (2015). Stock administration rehearses and operational execution of flour processing firms in Lagos, Nigeria. Worldwide Journal of Supply and Operations Management, 1(4), 392-406. Johnson, P. F. (2014). Buying and gracefully the board. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Krajewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P., Malhotra, M. K. (2013). Tasks the executives: procedures and gracefully chains. New York: Pearson. Liu, S. Q., Kozan, E. (2012). A half breed moving bottleneck technique calculation for the equal machine work shop booking issue. Diary of the Operational Research Society, 63(2), 168-182. Meredith, J. R., Shafer, S. M. (2009). Tasks the executives for MBAs. John Wiley Sons. Qian, L. (2014). Market-based provider choice with value, conveyance time, and administration level ward request. Worldwide Journal of Production Economics, 147, 697-706. Tookey, J. (2012). Shrewd work. Construct Mag, 132, 78-79.

IB 2020 Tok Essay Topics - Learn Important Aspects of BPM Essay

IB 2020 Tok Essay Topics - Learn Important Aspects of BPM EssayThe IB has been featuring the Business Project Management (BPM) Essay topic for quite some time now. It is a great way to test your skills in a practical and effective manner. If you think that you are still looking for the best online BPM Essay topics then you need to read this article right away.The BPM Essay topic covers every aspect of project management. This includes but not limited to: management, project documentation, project budgeting, managing projects according to the business standards, project team building, etc. The areas covered in the IB 2020 the essay topics are extensive and include all those which are essential in a project. You will be required to show how you can efficiently and effectively use these areas to gain more of an advantage over your competitors. Of course, the goal is to gain enough points that the course board will give you your own badge.One thing that you need to bear in mind when you are choosing the IB 2020 of essay topics is that it is important that you choose those which you have an interest in. The better the questions you will be asked, the better it will be if you are able to answer them with enough knowledge and expertise.The IB is offering BPM Essay subjects for both students and professionals who are looking to further their education. If you are a student looking to improve your academic performance, you should definitely look into the IB BPM Essay course.However, for those who are professionals in the BPM field, the IB BPM Essay program is a perfect fit for you. If you want to increase your knowledge on the subject, you should definitely consider taking up this course as well. The topics cover all aspects of business management in general, so you will not be left wondering what exactly is the importance of this topic.You will have access to the IB course outline in order to prepare yourself for the IB BPM Essay program. Once you have completed the co urse, you will be able to answer all questions posed by the IB BPM Exam itself.The IB has set up specific test-taking schedules for all its IB BPM Essay courses. It is important that you make sure that you schedule your test and study sessions so that you are able to get the maximum possible results from your study sessions.Remember that the IB BPM Essay program is designed for all those who are interested in taking up the business management subject. With the IB BPM Essay program, you will be able to gain all the knowledge and experience needed to become an efficient BPM professional.

Argumentative Essay On Abortion - 771 Words

Abortion is one of the biggest controversial debates in society. Abortion is the termination of a human pregnancy. It can lead to many complications for a lot of people. It can also have long term effects emotionally on the mother, father, and family after the abortion is complete. It is very common today because many young women get pregnant at such a young age and believe that they are not capable of having a child. Abortion has always been a common debate usually based on beliefs of individuals. The debate of whether abortion should be legal or illegal is an argument that is popular among many people to this day, and this is all around the world, for various reasons. One reason the debate on abortion continues to this day is because of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, before you were born I set you apart; I appointed you as a prophet to the nations.† Jeremiah 1:5. Other religions question abortion and say that if abortion isn’t killing than what is it? For people that are for abortion give reasons such as rape, not financially stable, and child abuse. Women that are raped immediately want to abort the child while others believe that it was God’s intended plan for the baby to have life. Others argue that it’s not right or healthy for the mother to go through with having the child. Politician, Fine Gael says that, Its also not healthy for the child who would eventually find out they were the product of rape which is about violence and force, that is bound to lead to all sort of psychological issues.† Women who want to abort, struggle with the decision of doing so because she might not be able to afford a child. She may want to abort because she knows that the child may be abused after being born. Instead of jumping to all of these conclusions, the women should have a sufficient plan for the baby. Overall, there are many reasons that this is an ongoing debate all around the world. We all have different opinions on the topic and choose to keep it that way. There are a ton of reasons why people are for and why people are against abortion. It goes back and forth all the time. As of right now it is still legal in the United States. This is a topic that has various types ofShow MoreRelatedAbortion Argumentative Essay : Abortion934 Words   |  4 PagesJensen English April 29, 2014 Abortion Argumentative Essay On average about 41.6 million unborn children are aborted every year. Abortion is killing an unborn baby and it should be illegal. Abortion is wrong because it supports irresponsibility by parents. It gives the unborn children no choice or opportunity at life. In addition, instead of abortion, parents could put up the child for adoption, benefiting people that cannot have children of their own. Abortion supports irresponsibility byRead MoreArgumentative Essay: Abortion1075 Words   |  5 PagesIn my argumentative Essay, I am arguing that abortion is wrong and not to be mistaken with Abortion should be made illegal. I will explain later why I have made this statement. Abortion is the termination of an unborn child in its mothers womb for up to twenty four weeks of the pregnancy or in special circumstances e.g. Disability diagnosis a termination right up until the mother goes in to labour. I think the above definition is an easier and less harsh way of saying that abortionRead MoreAbortion - Argumentative Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ‘ABORTION Our world today is full of unsolved, devisive and controversial issues. Most of them relate to our morals, ethics and religion, thus creating a very strong ‘yes and ‘no, or ‘good and ‘bad side. Like the Chinese Yin and Yang sign, abortion has a very prominent ‘black and ‘white side but also contains traces of each in the alternating colour. This shows that if you were to come to any kind of conclusion on abortion, there would still be a downside toRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1304 Words   |  6 PagesIn this argumentative essay I would like you, the reader to consider a public issue from my perspective and my belief system on the matter. I’ll be supporting my view on a common and overlooked procedure conducted by women and medical doctors within a walk in clinic and home. This procedure is known as an Abortion, also known as a voluntary abortion. The definition provided by Dictionary.com is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy.† There have been manyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1380 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Abortion is one of the most common medical procedures preformed in the United States each year. More than 40% of all women will end a pregnancy by abortion at some time in their reproductive lives. Abortion, it is simply the one of the most debated issue in our society today. â€Å"Is abortion bad?† â€Å"Is the fetus a baby?† â€Å"Why is it bad to kill a fetus if it’s not living?† The simpleRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1546 Words   |  7 Pagesmother.† Abortion is the way of ending pregnancy by removing the fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the matrix, which can also allow women to choose whether they want to become a mother or not. However, people have developed the controversy about abortions. Abortion debate is an ongo ing debate which has involved moral, legal, biological and religious status of the induced abortion. In this controversy, there are two groups emerged. The group of people who hold the opinion that abortion shouldRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1364 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is known as the termination of human pregnancy. There are mixed opinions from the public on whether abortion is considered murder or not. This topic has always been controversial and there is no sign of it being left alone. There are two groups of people related to abortion. Those are pro-life and pro-choice, pro-life oppose abortion and pro-choice is for abortion. There have been many court cases on the topic of abortion, such as Roe v. Wade, Doe v. Bolton, Baird v. Bellotti, and HarrisRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1011 Words   |  5 Pages Abortion is the termination of a human pregnancy. â€Å"More than 60% of the world’s population lives in countries where induced abortion is permitted either for a wide range of reasons or without restriction as to the reason. In contrast, 26% of all people reside in countries where abortion is generally prohibited.† as stated by The World’s Abortion Laws Map. Abortion is appalling and should be outlawed. Not only is it the excretion of a fetus, what a baby has developed from, from the uterus by naturalRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion979 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is one of the most well-known and debated topics in today’s society. Although so many people seem to have such a strong opinion on abortion, there are many teens today who don’t really understand what abortion actually is. With today’s technology, though, our understanding of it is also growing. According to Merriam Webster, abortion means the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. (https://www.merriam-websterRead MoreArgumentative Es say On Abortion964 Words   |  4 PagesTexas Abortion As a sophomore, you are used to getting texts asking about what homework is due tomorrow. I never expected to get a text from my best friend saying she was pregnant and scared because she did not know what to do. I grew up in the catholic faith, and pre marital sex is not accepted, and abortion was blasphemy towards life. But my best friend grew up in a pro choice family, and later told me that she received an abortion. I was confused about her choice and how it was legal for her

The American Dream Conspiracy in Death of a Salesman Essay

Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman tells the story of the failure of a salesman, Willy Loman. Although not all Americans are salesmen, most of us share Willy’s dream of success. We are all partners in the American Dream and parties to the conspiracy of silence surrounding the fact that failures must outnumber successes.(Samantaray, 2014) Miller amalgamates the archetypal tragic hero with the mundane American citizen. The result is the anti-hero, Willy Loman. He is a simple salesman who constantly aspires to become great. Nevertheless, Willy has a waning career as a salesman and is an aging man who considers himself to be a failure but is incapable of consciously admitting it. As a result, the drama of the play lies not so much in†¦show more content†¦To some extent she acknowledges Willys aspirations but, naively, she also accepts them. Consequently, Linda is not part of the solution but rather part of the problem with this dysfunctional family and their inability to face reality. In restraining Willy from his quest for wealth in the Alaska, the New Continent, ironically the only realm where the dream can be fulfilled, Linda destroys any hope the family has of achieving greatness. Even so, Linda symbolically embodies the plays ultimate value: love. In her innocent love of Willy, Linda accepts her husbands fa lsehood, his dream, but, in her admiration of his dream, she is lethal. Linda encourages Willy and, in doing so, allows her sons, Biff and Happy, to follow their fathers fallacious direction in life.(Griffin, 1996) Willys close friend Charlie on the other hand, despite his seemingly ordinary lifestyle, enjoys far better success compared to the Lomans. Charlie differs to his friend considerably: he is financially secure whereas Willy can barely afford to pay the next gas bill. Similarly, Charlie never indoctrinated his son, Bernard, with the same enthusiasm as Willy. Subsequently, Charlie stands for different beliefs to Willy and, ironically, ends up far more successful. He is a voice of reason for his friend but is only useful if Willy follows his advice. Instead, Willys proud and stubborn nature ensures that he will never accept Charlies manyShow MoreRelated Failure of the America Dream in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman1097 Words   |  5 PagesFailure of the America Dream in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman examines Willy Lowman’s struggle to hold on to his American Dream that is quickly slipping from his grasp. As Americans, we are all partners in the â€Å"dream† and Willy’s failure causes each of us anxiety since most of us can readily identify with Willy. Most Americans can readily identify with Willy. As children, our minds are filled with a â€Å"marketing orientation† as soon as weRead MoreHamartia in Oedipus Rex and Death of a Salesman834 Words   |  3 PagesHamartia in Oedipus Rex and Death of a Salesman Hamartia is defined as a fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero. Aristotle defines a tragic hero to be a man â€Å"who is not completely good and just, whose misfortune is brought out not by vice or immorality, but by some error or weakness.† The three key requirements of Aristotle in regards to a tragic hero are; a high social standing, goodness or moral excellence, or error committed by the hero in unawareness or ignorance. Two quality examplesRead MoreWall Street14268 Words   |  58 Pages1 Wall Street (Drama) ( 1987)  © 2000 by Raymond Weschler Major Characters Bud (Buddy ) Fox†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Charlie Sheen A young, smart and very motivated stock broker (seller) who dreams of making millions of dollars. Gordon Gekko†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Michael Douglas A very rich, ruthless and immoral stock trader and â€Å"corporate raider,† which is a person who buys and sells companies, often with horrible results for company workers. Darien Taylor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Daryl Hannah A young and beautiful interiorRead MoreFrauds in Insurance11958 Words   |  48 Pagesto fraudulently obtain payment from an insurer. Insurance fraud poses a very significant problem, and governments and other organizations are making efforts to deter such activities. On the one hand, human life is subject to various risks—risk of death or disability due to natural or accidental causes. Humans are also prone to diseases, the treatment of which may involve huge expenditure. On the other hand, property owned by man is exposed to various hazards, natural and man-made. It is importantRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesD program to do so. With its search engine, it raised advertising to a new level: targeted advertising. In so doing, it spawned a host of millionaires from its rising stock prices and stock options and made its two founders some of the richest Americans, just under Bill Gates and Warren Buffett. How did they do it? Starbucks is also a rapidly growing new firm—not as much as Google, but still great—and a credit to founder Howard Schultz’s vision of transforming a prosaic product, coffee, intoRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRESPONDENTS †¢ FOCUS ⠝  Luthans, Rosenkrantz, and Hennessey (1985) †¢ 52 managers in 3 organizations †¢ Participant observation of skills demonstrated by most effective versus least effective managers ⠝  Curtis, Winsor, and Stephens (1989) †¢ 428 members of the American Society of Personnel Administrators in the United States †¢ (1) Skills needed to obtain employment †¢ (2) Skills important for successful job performance †¢ (3) Skills needed to move up in the organization Employment Verbal communication Listening

Revised Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay

Revised Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay Information literacy is essential for leaders, scholars and researchers to help them lead and build the needed skills academically and within their workplace environment. Resources for information literacy are constantly growing to meet todays society needs. To some leaders and scholars, this type of convenience is more of a blessing while other who cannot understand the process see it as a hindrance. The discussions of this paper is focused on leaders without a scholarly background, the effects of leadership skills on a practitioner, the role that information literacy material is on scholars, and the relationship that I have with information literacy and the SPL Model. An additional†¦show more content†¦Information competence is designed to help students to recognize, acquire, evaluate, organize, and interpret the information effectively. Leadership is considered a characteristic of art and science; shipyard leaders must utilize these tools to develop their leadership tact ic on observation, studying, researching, and developing wisdom. If these characteristics are not implemented then arrogance is produced along with blaming others for their outcomes. Shipyard leaders can learn, develop and increase their intelligence with the help of higher education. The Effects Of Leadership Skills On A Practitioner Effective leadership produces changes and movement within the shipyard industry; if managers and supervisors are not equipped with leadership skills then, their organization will crumple. A large volume of failure is placed in the organization visions, their strategies, goals, and their subordinates will become empowered. Strategic leadership is the best leadership style to use within the shipyard industries to help maintain and better the organization. If no one is equipped with this knowledge then, the workers will not take the initiative to improve their assigned work. Leaders will not look ahead and analyze the completed tasks set within a specific period, and leaders will have no sense of adaptability and growth-orientation. Shipyard leaders with no leadership skill will lack in experience onShow MoreRelatedAma: Marketing and Definition5314 Words   |  22 Pagesissues with the 2004 definition that had been identified by scholars contributing to the special section. They highli ght several positive qualities of the new definition and describe how these attributes have the capacity to enhance marketing scholarship and practice into the future. Keywords: marketing, definition, American Marketing Association n 2004, the American Marketing Association (AMA) issued a new official definition for the marketing field, one that modified and replaced the definition issuedRead MoreEssay about Management and Leadership in the Early Years3720 Words   |  15 PagesThroughout this assignment a discussion will take place into the theories of leadership, whilst examining the role of managers within the context of the early years. A series of management competences will be evaluated, whilst investigating the notions of leadership and collaboration. Some theorists use the terms ‘leadership’ and ‘management’ reciprocally as if they are tantamount with one another, while others use them in a very purposeful sense to express that they are, in effect, rather differentRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesGRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For-information, address St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. www.stmartins.com Library of Congress Cataloging...in..Publication Data 65 successful Harvard Business -School application essays : with analysis by the staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School newspaperRead MorePaulino J. 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AP Euro Notes on Renaissance Essay Example For Students

AP Euro Notes on Renaissance Essay The balance of power among the Italian associates 1 . Italy had no political unity; it was divided into associates such as Milan, Venice, and Florence, the Papal States, and a kingdom of Naples in the south. 2. The political and economic competition among the associates prevented centralization of power. 3. Shifting alliances among the associates led to the creation of permanent ambassadors. 4. After 1494 a divided Italy became a European battleground. Intellectual hallmarks of the Renaissance A. Many, like the poet and humanist Patriarch, saw the fourteenth century as a new olden age and a revival of ancient Roman culture. B. Individualism 1 . Literature specifically concerned with the nature of individuality emerged. 2. Renaissance people believed in individual will and genius. C. Humanism 1 . Italians collected ancient manuscripts and monuments, and copied the ancient Roman lifestyle. 2. The study of the classics led to humanism, an emphasis on human beings. A. Humanists sought to understand human nature through a study of pagan and classical authors and Christian thought. B. The humanist writer Pico Della Miranda believed that there were no limits to what human beings could accomplish. . Ancient Latin style was considered superior to medieval Latin. D. Secular spirit 1 . Secularism means a concern with materialism rather than religion. 2. Unlike medieval people, Renaissance people were concerned with money and pleasure. A. In On Pleasure, Lorenz Villa defended the pleasure of the senses as the highest good. B. In the Dodecahedron, Vacation portrayed an acquisitive and worldly society. 3. The church did little to combat secularism; in fact, many popes were Renaissance patrons and participantsand the church even gave up its opposition to usury. Art and artists achievements, led by Florence and Rome. B. Art and power 1 . In the early Renaissance, powerful urban groups commissioned works of art, which remained overwhelmingly religious. 2. In the later fifteenth century, individuals and oligarchs began to sponsor works of art as a means of glorifications. 3. Wealthy people began to spend less on warfare and more on art and architecture. A. At first the bed chamber room was the most important, but later many other rooms were even more decorated. B. The homes private chapel was the most elaborate and expensive. 4. As the century advanced, art became more and more secular, and lassie subjects became popular. A. The style of art changed in the fifteenth century. B. The individual portrait emerged as a distinct genre. C. Painting and sculpture became more naturalistic and realistic, and the human body was glorified, as in the work of the sculptors Donated and Michelangelo. D. A new international style emphasized color, decorative detail, and curvilinear rhythms. E. In painting, the use of perspective was pioneered by Brucellosis and Della Francesca. C. The status of the artist 1 . The status of the artist improved during the Renaissance; most work was done by commission from a prince. . The creative genius of the artist was recognized and rewarded. 3. The Renaissance was largely an elitist movement; Renaissance culture did not directly affect the middle classes or the urban working class. 0 Social change of the Renaissance A. Education and political thought 1 . Humanists were interested in education, particularly the training of rulers, and moral behavior. A. Verger wrote a treatise on education that stressed the teaching of history, ethics, and rhetoric (public speaking). B. Castigations The Courtier, which was widely read, described the model Renaissance gentleman as a man of many Allens, including intellectual and artistic skills. C. Machiavellian The Prince described how to acquire, maintain, and increase political power. D. Machiavelli believed that the politician should manipulate people and use any means to gain power. E. Machiavelli did not advocate amoral behavior but believed that political action cannot be governed by moral considerations. B. The printed word 1. The invention in 1455 of movable type by Gutenberg, Fuss, and Such ¶offer made possible the printing of a wide variety of texts. . Printing transformed the lives of Europeans by making propaganda possible, encouraging a wider common identity, ND improving literacy. C. Clocks 1. By about 1320 some Europeans had learned how to quantify time by use of the mechanical clockmeaning bells. 2. Clocks were important for understanding and controlling urban-economic life. D. Women and work in R enaissance society 1 . Most women married, were responsible for domestic affairs, and frequently worked outside the home. 2. Women worked in ship building, textiles, agriculture, as well as midwives and servants. 3. Important Artists Renaissance, Mannerism, BaroqueCharles VII ushered in an age of recovery and ended civil war. A. He expelled the English, reorganized the royal council, strengthened royal finances, reformed the justice system, and remodeled the army. B. He made the church subject to the state. 2. Louis XSL expanded the French state and laid the foundations of later French absolutism. C. England also suffered from disorder. . Feudal lords controlled the royal council and Parliament in the fifteenth century. 2. Between 1455 and 1471, the houses of York and Lancaster fought a civil war called the Wars of the Roses that hurt trade, agriculture, and domestic industry. . Edward IV and his followers began to restore royal power, avoided expensive war, and reduced their reliance on Parliament for funds. 4. The English Parliament had become a power center for the aristocracy but was manipulated by Henry VII into becoming a tool of the king. 5. Henry VII used the royal council and the cour t of Star Chamber to check aristocratic power. 6. Henry VII and his successors won the support of the upper middle class promoting their interest in money, trade, and stability. D. Spain turned against its own cultural diversity 1 . The reconstitutes was the centurions attempt to unite Spain and expel Muslims and Jews. 2. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was the last major step in the unification and Christianization of Spain. A. Under their reign, however, Spain remained a loose confederation of separate states. B. They used the harnessed, or local police forces, to administer royal Justice. 3. Ferdinand and Isabella restructured the royal council to curb aristocratic power. . The church was also used to strengthen royal authority. 5. Ferdinand and Isabella completed the reconstitutes in 1492, but many Jews remained because they aided royal power. A. Jews were often financiers and professionals; many (called converses) had converted but were still disliked and distrusted. B. Needing a scapegoat during the Black Death, Spanish mobs killed many Jews. C. Ferdinand and Isabella revived the Inquisition and used its cruel methods to unify Spain and expel the Jews. 6. Spanish Christians rejected converses on the basis of raceout of fear of converses taking over public offices. Most Jews fled from Spain.

Jehan Sadat - National Press Club Speech 1982 free essay sample

Agriculture and Farm Innovations and Inventors

Agriculture and Farm Innovations and Inventors Farming and farm machinery were basically unchanged in Europe and its colonies for over a thousand years until the Agricultural Revolution  beginning in the late 1700s. Modern agricultural machinery has continued to evolve. The threshing machine has given way to the combine, usually a self-propelled unit that either picks up windrowed grain or cuts and threshes it in one step. The grain binder has been replaced by the swather which cuts the grain and lays it on the ground in windrows, allowing it to dry before being harvested by a combine. Plows are not used nearly as extensively as before, due in large part to the popularity of minimum tillage to reduce soil erosion and conserve moisture. The disk harrow today is more often used after harvesting to cut up the grain stubble left in the field. Although seed drills are still used, the air seeder is becoming more popular with farmers. Todays farm machinery allows farmers to cultivate many more acres of land than the machines of yesterday. Famous Agriculturists Luther Burbank - The Idaho Potato: Horticulturalist patented many cropsGeorge Washington Carver: Agricultural chemist who diversified agriculture and promoted crop rotationJethro Tull: Inventor of the seed drill Milestones in Farm Machinery The following inventions and mechanization led to an agricultural revolution in America in its first two centuries as a nation. Corn picker:  In 1850, Edmund Quincy invented the corn picker.Cotton gin:  The cotton gin is a machine that separates seeds, hulls and other unwanted materials from cotton after it has been picked. Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin on March 14, 1794Cotton harvester:  The first cotton harvester was patented in the U.S. in 1850, but it was not until the 1940s that the machinery was widely used.  Mechanical cotton harvesters are of two types: strippers and pickers. Stripper harvesters strip the entire plant of both open and unopened bolls, along with many leaves and stems. The cotton gin is then used to remove unwanted material.​  Picker machines, often called spindle-type harvesters, remove the cotton from open bolls and leave the bur on the plant. The spindles, which rotate on their axes at high speeds, are attached to a drum that also turns, causing the spindles to penetrate the plants. The cotton fibers are wrapped around the moistened spindles and then removed by a special device called a doffer; the cotton is then delivered to a large basket carried above the machine. Crop rotation: Growing the same crop repeatedly on the same land eventually  depletes the soil of different nutrients. Farmers avoided a decrease in soil fertility by practicing crop rotation. Different plant crops were planted in a regular sequence so that the leaching of the soil by a crop of one kind of nutrient was followed by a plant crop that returned that nutrient to the soil. Crop rotation was practiced in ancient Roman, African, and Asian cultures. During the Middle Ages in Europe, a three-year crop rotation was practiced by farmers rotating rye or winter wheat in year one, followed by spring oats or barley in the second year, and followed by a third year of no crops. In the 18th century, British agriculturalist Charles Townshend aided the European agricultural revolution by popularizing a four- year crop rotation with rotations of wheat, barley, turnips, and clover. In the United States, George Washington Carver brought his science of crop rotation to the farmers and save d the farming resources of the south. Grain elevator: In 1842, the first grain elevator was built by Joseph Dart.Hay cultivation:  Until the middle of the 19th century, hay was cut by hand with sickles and scythes. In the 1860s early cutting devices were developed that resembled those on reapers and binders; from these came the modern array of fully mechanical mowers, crushers, windrowers, field choppers, balers, and machines for pelletizing or wafering in the field. The stationary baler or hay press was invented in the 1850s and did not become popular until the 1870s. The pick up baler or square baler was replaced by the round baler around the 1940s.In 1936, a man named Innes, of Davenport, Iowa, invented an automatic baler for hay. It tied bales with binder twine using Appleby-type knotters from a John Deere grain binder. A Pennsylvania Dutchman named Ed Nolt built his own baler, salvaging the twine knotters from the Innes baler. Both balers did not work that well. According to The History of Twine, Nolts innovative patents pointed the way by 1939 to the mass production of the one-man automatic hay baler. His balers and their imitators revolutionized hay and straw harvest and created a twine demand beyond the wildest dreams of any twine manufacturer. Milking machine:  In 1879, Anna Baldwin patented a milking machine that replaced hand milking - her milking machine was a vacuum device that connected to a hand pump. This is one of the earliest American patents, however, it was not a successful invention. Successful milking machines appeared around 1870. The earliest devices for mechanical milking were tubes inserted in the teats to force open the sphincter muscle, thus allowing the milk to flow. Wooden tubes were used for this purpose, as well as feather quills. Skillfully made tubes of pure silver, gutta percha, ivory, and bone were marketed in the mid-19th century. During the last half of the 19th century, over 100 milking devices were patented in the United States.Plow:  John Deere invented the self-polishing cast steel plow - an improvement over the iron plow. The plow was made of wrought iron and had a steel share that could cut through sticky soil without clogging. By 1855, John Deeres factory was selling over 10,000 stee l plows a year. Reaper:  In 1831, Cyrus H. McCormick developed the first commercially successful reaper, a horse-drawn machine that harvested wheatTractors:  The advent of tractors revolutionized the agricultural industry, freeing agriculture from using oxen, horse, and manpower.

Daniel Rutherford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Daniel Rutherford - Essay Example Daniel Rutherford, from Holl, 1804 It was a natural academic progression to attend the University of Edinburgh where his father was a professor of medicine. Daniel would also graduate with a degree in medicine, but it was the experiments he conducted as a student that helped unlock the mysteries of combustion, life, and the composition of 'vital air' ("Daniel Rutherford"). At the time, it was known that a quantity of air that had been subjected to combustion would no longer support life. It was mistakenly believed that the only gas left was carbon dioxide (CO2), and it was considered noxious because of its in inability to support life. Rutherford, through a series of experiments, was able to extract the CO2 and found that it still would not combust or support life. Though he is credited for isolating nitrogen, a more accurate portrayal is that he discovered that air was a mixture of many gases and there was the existence of 'vital air', that would later be known as oxygen. In 1772, he published his thesis titled On A ir Said to be Fixed or Mephitic (Daintith 467). This enabled other scientists that were doing similar research to be moved down the path of discovery. Rutherford's thesis helped guide the current thinking and has been credited with spawning many of Joseph Priestley's later experiments.(Daintith 467).

Fuel cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fuel cells - Essay Example This is then used to run a turbine to produce electricity. Thus there are many intermediate steps each with certain efficiency (always less than 100%) associated with each of them. This is because thermal energy is the worst form of energy with maximum entropy and therefore can never be converted fully into useful work. Now the overall efficiency of chemical potential energy to electricity conversion is a product of efficiency of each of the intermediate steps and therefore is much smaller. The best thermal power plants operate at maximum conversion efficiency of about 40%. Also, the combustion products are highly polluting adding to carbon emission and global warming. Fuel cells on the other hand convert the chemical potential energy directly into electricity and thus have very high conversion efficiency which is typically 70%. Besides, the reaction products are relatively harmless and in many cases completely harmless. Thus fuel cells are being seen as power plants of future and a tangible potential solution for containing the menace of carbon emission and therefore, global warming. These are already into many specialized and high end applications. In this report the basic principle, related developments and current and potential applications of fuel cells are briefly discussed. A fuel cell is like a galvanic cell. It directly converts chemical energy into electricity and is highly efficient. It is now possible to make such cells in which reactants are fed continuously to the electrodes and products are removed continuously from the electrolyte compartment. Galvanic cells that are designed to convert the energy of combustion of fuels like hydrogen, methane, methanol, etc. directly into electrical energy are called fuel cells. Such a fuel cell was used for providing electrical power in the Apollo space program. The water vapors produced during the reaction were

Essay and Art Essay Example for Free

Essay and Art Essay In the essay Pablo Picasso: Living in His Own Shadow, author Ellen Goodman uses fact, emotion and personal experience to illustrate the cycles of creating and aging, living in the limelight and passing on the torch. Goodman captures the sadness and the beauty of being replaced or falling out of fame while using Picasso and his works as an example of how even the most talented of persons must succumb to limitation. Goodman makes a point that some artists graciously recognize when it is time to cease their works but others persist despite the fact that their prime has passed. According to Goodman, Pablo Picasso represents the limitations in which we all must recognize but also the beauty in rebellion and persistence. Goodman juxtaposes Picasso against many famous people who like Picasso grew old and eventually had to admit that they could no longer perform at peak performance. â€Å"It is said that when Picasso was a teenager, his artist-father gave the boy his own palette, brushers and colors, and never painted again, (LoRocco Coughlin, 1995, p. 198).† This actually seems to be factual. When Picasso was 13-years-old his father gave up painting admitting that his son had surpassed him in skill, (Pablo Picasso, n.d.). It is interesting that Goodman introduced the essay using this example considering the entire essay is about artists and well known figures who did not step out of the spotlight when their time was due.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"We feel sad that Joe DiMaggio sells coffee makers and uncomfortable that Willie Mays ‘stayed too long.’ Few of us know how to deal with the man or woman who ‘used to be’ somebody, (LoRocco Coughlin, p. 199).† Goodman describes her personal feelings when reviewing Picasso’s work at an art exhibit. She states that although Picasso was an exceptional artist at every age his later work is lacking in many ways. Goodman uses her observations to express sympathy toward Picasso as opposed to disdain for his later works. â€Å"Yet as we wandered through the last thirty years of his life, you could see it all slip. The exhibit kindly excludes the commercial peace doves and greeting card poster art of the last few years. But still, it is easy to see the versatility turning frenetic – the search turning downhill. There is even a sense that perhaps he began to imitate himself – not just create but to create ‘Picasso,’ (LoRocco Coughlin, p. 198).† In essence Goodman shows contempt for Joe DiMaggio and Willie Mays yet for Picasso Goodman expresses a sense of being perplexed and full of wonder, similar to her response to other artists including Frank Sinatra and Tennessee Williams. â€Å"It is something I have thought before. I’ve though of it whenever Tennessee Williams turns up in the news, alive but rarely well, writing poorly in comparison to his own brilliant retrospectives. I’ve thought of it when Frank Sinatra goes on stage, all blue eyes and strained vocal cords. They are pale versions of themselves, (LoRocco Coughlin, p. 198).† But was Picasso a â€Å"pale version† of himself? According to Goodman there was a sense of grace and rebellion in the fact that Picasso worked until his death. â€Å"There is something, not sad but remarkable, in this refusal to ‘act his age,’ or retire gracefully. Surrounded by his own collection of his favorite cubist work, he must have known his limits. But out of compulsion or conviction he kept working.† It is true that Picasso worked rigorously until his death. â€Å"Death holds no fear for me,’ Picasso recently told a friend. ‘It holds a kind of beauty. What I am afraid of is falling ill and not being able to work. That’s lost time, (Time, 1973,  ¶ 1).† Picasso, as opposed to Mays and DiMaggio, did not work to make extra funds doing something which reminds us of their failing talents, like sell coffeemakers, Picasso worked to work. He created for the enjoyment of creating. His final work may have been pale in comparison to the masterpieces of his youth but as Goodman points out everything in life pales in comparison with youth. â€Å"Living in your own shadow is a problem of aging athletes and beautiful women and artists and actors and, to an extent, all of us, (LoRocco Coughlin, 1995, p. 198).† Goodman’s experience at the exhibit for Picasso’s art left her contemplating what it would be like to find oneself living in a world where the past constantly haunts the present. She expresses the sadness of this by using examples of other artists and athletes who have made history and then faced limitations. But living with ones past is part of life and the limitations associated with aging do not have to be stifling. â€Å"Creation,’ Picasso said. ‘Is the only thing that interests me, (LoRocco Coughlin, 1995, p. 199).† This statement must have been true for Picasso, who spent his entire life creating despite the fact that his later years are not defined as his most influencial in terms of artistic expression. References LoRocco, C., Coughlin, J. (1995). The Art of Work: An Anthology of Workplace Literature (1st Edition ed.). : Glencoe/McGraw Hill. Pablo Picasso. (n.d.). Retrieved Jan. 4, 2009, from Wikipedia: www.wikipedia.com Time, H. (1973, April 23, 1973). Pablo Picasso’s Last Days and Final Journey. Time Magazine, .

Uzbekistan: Economy :: essays research papers fc

Overview:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11% consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than 60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities. Uzbekistan is now the world’s second largest cotton exporter, a large producer of gold and oil, and a regionally significant producer of chemicals and machinery. The IMF suspended Uzbekistan’s $185 million standby arrangement in late 1996 because of government steps to the negative external conditions generated by the Asian and Russian financial export and currency controls within its already largely closed economy. Economic policies that have repelled foreign investment are a major factor in the economy’s stagnation. A growing debt burden, persistent inflation, and a poor business climate led to disappointing growth in 2001. However, in December 2001 the government voiced a renewed interest in economic reform, seeking advice from the IMF and other financia l institutions (World 7). After independence, Uzbekistan tried to support inefficient state enterprises and shield consumers from the shocks of rapid economic reform. These policies eventually led to severe inflation and an economic crisis. Reforms brought inflation down to manageable levels and small businesses began to grow. Larger institutions are seeking joint ventures with international corporations. However, currency and trade restrictions remain too tight to encourage significant foreign investment. Falling global gold, copper, and cotton prices also hurt the economy. A privatization program is slowly being implemented with international support. Privatization is necessary to raise hard currency and promote economic development (Republic 4). GDP: purchasing power parity—$62 billion (2001 est.) GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$2,500 (2001est.) GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 33% industry: 24% services: 43% (2001 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23% (2001 est.) Labor force: 11.9 million (1998 est.) Labor force—by occupation: agriculture 44%, industry 20%, services 36% (1995) Unemployment rate: 10% plus another 20% underemployed (1999 est.) Budget: revenues: $4billion expenditures: $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.1 billion (1999 est.) Industries: textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, natural gas, and chemicals Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (2000) Electricity—production: 40.075 billion kWh (2000) Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 86.95% hydro: 13.05% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000) Electricity—consumption: 4189 billion kWh (2000) Electricity—exports: 4.1 billion kWh (2000) Electricity—imports: 5 billion kWh (2000) Agriculture—products: cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain; livestock Exports: $2.8 billion (2001 est.) Exports—commodities: cotton 41.5%, gold 9.6%, energy products 9.6%, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, textiles, food products, and automobiles (1998 est.) Exports—partners: Russia16.7%, Switzerland 8.3%, UK 7.2%Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe Imports: $4.1 billion (1998)

AirAsia Consumer Behaviour Essay

1.0. Introduction AIRASIA: AirAsia is a Malaysian company, that introduced the Low Cost Carrier service to the domestic market and eventually the asian region. Currently AirAsia is  the leader in this market segment. Before it becomes the AirAsia that we all know today, AirAsia was a poorly performed company owned by a government-link company (GLC) in Malaysia, DRB-HICOM. In 2001, it was sold to the current owner, Tony Fernandes and its TuneAir company, for a sum of only RM1.00 or approximately US$0.30, together with its accumulated debt of RM40 million (AirAsia, 2008). Within two years, Tony Fernandes exceeds everyone’s expectations, and turned AirAsia to a profit making company. By the third year it was listed in the Kuala Lumpur bourse with outstanding IPO (initial Public Offer) of RM717.4 million (AirAsia, 2008). In 2006, the AirAsia was given the use of LCCT terminal in Malaysia, because its passenger load have expanded to such a capacity. This assignment will describe how AirAsia, managed to become the company it is today, started with a fleet of only 1 aircraft in 2001, to a fleet of 72 aircrafts, flies over 61 domestic and 108 international destinations, and operates over 400 flights daily from hubs located not only in Malaysia, but also Thailand and Indonesia, and launched AirAsia X for longer haul flights with its wide-body aircrafts, through the eyes of Consumer Behaviour, from psychological drivers, sociological drivers and consumer decision making process. 2.0. Psychological Drivers of consumer behaviour There are psychological drivers that influence the consumer’s behaviour. They are; motivation, perception, learning, values, beliefs and attitudes, and lifestyle, are useful for intrepeting the consumer’s buying process and directing the company’s marketing efforts. 2.1. Motivation. Motivation is the energizing force that causes behavior that satisfies a need. The needs are hierarchical, from the basic of it and higher. 2.1.1. Hierarchy of Needs From this Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, before AirAsia, air travel is generally considered in the higher hierarcy of needs, esteem, where some people intend to show others their ability to travel by air, and visit destinatations that others can’t. This is what AirAsia realized, they created the tagline â€Å"now everyone can fly†, hence creating the awarenes to the people, and also created the motivation that now air travel is no longer  considered in the ‘esteem’ hierarchy of needs, people can travel just to fulfil their Love/Belonging needs, whether people travel to seek the ones they love, friends or family, or they travel to please those loved ones, such as holiday destinations, by air. 2.1.2. Means-end chain. Means-end chain follow a time-honered approach for thinking about motivational issues. The central premise — that objects have value only because they produce desirable consequences or enable one to avoid negative consequences — is at the heart of most modern conceptualizations of motivation (Atkinson, 1964, Lewin, 1951, Tolman 1959). The above chain shows that at the end of the day, a consumer who purchase AirAsia as way of their air travel, will have excess money to save or to spend on something else in their travel or holiday. The ad above, shows that because of the AirAsia’s cheap price of airticket to London, consumers get to spend their money on something else, like shopping and visiting heritages places in London. AirAsia marketing people created the motivation of a desirable consequences if consumer purchase their service 2.2. Perception. Perception is â€Å"the process of assembling sensations into a useable mental representation of the world,..perception creates faces, melodies, works of art, illusions out of the raw material of sensation† (Coon, 1983) or to summarize, is the process by which physical sensations are selected, organised and interpreted. Individuals with the same need might not purchase or choose similar products or service due to the difference in perception. From the perceptual process model above (Solomon, 2006), AirAsia succeded in creating stimulations and attentions, and try to generalized the perception of people that now everyone can fly. Obviously they stimulate the sights first, by using the same tagline in every ads, media and online and billboards. Thus, consumers remember this information, which results when they want to purchase an airline ticket, AirAsia is the first choice comes to mind. 2.3. Learning Learning is â€Å"the process by which relatively permanent changes occur in behavioural potential as a result of experience† (Anderson, 1995). AirAsia’s marketing people understand consumer’s learning process affecting their decision making. 2.3.1. Behavioural Learning. Repeated exposure to an experience will result in the process of developing an automatic response to that particular situation. In the AirAsia case, the company is trying to develop that automatic response is choosing AirAsia as their airline, everytime a customer wants to buy an airline ticket. e.g: As AirAsia owns by Tune group who also owns the Hotel chain of Tune Hotel, the company able to sell air tickets together with hotel fares, resulted in cheaper and convenient way to travel. Customers learned that through the website, they can purchased the air ticket together with hotel. This resulted in repeated behaviour of purchasing AirAsia ticket, as the customer find it more convenient. 2.3.2. Cognitive Learning. AirAsia is trying to make connections between the two ideas of purchasing airline ticket together with the hotel. But now, as the customers uses the AirAsia website to purchase the air ticket, they can also choose a wider range of hotel choices, not just the AirAsia’s own Tune Hotel Chain. AirAsia through their website now also act as an agent, where customer, as they’re saving money by buying airasia’s ticket, have the options to spend more whether to indulge in more luxurious way of staying, by choosing more luxurious hotels that now available in the company’s website. The above screenshot of airasia’s website shows that cosumers can purchase airticket and hotel vouchers at the same time. 2.3.3. Brand Loyalty. One of the way of doing applicating learning principles by AirAsia is introducing their reward programs to AirAsia’s customers, there are the frequent flyer miles, or free ticket, or holiday vouchers to give away to its customers. These things reinforce their behaviour and build brand loyalty toward AirAsia itself. AirAsia is trying to educate the people, they themselves become the catalyst of the learning process. The outcome of learning is memory. By putting inputs and information out there, â€Å"now everyone can fly†, even the people who are not in needs of air travel, learned that there is now a cheap way to fly. Hence, this information is recovered from memory when these consumers are in need of air travel, and choose AirAsia. 2.4. Beliefs and Attitudes. Beliefs and attitudes play an essential role in influencing the buying decisions of consumers. No matter how good the service is, but if the consumer feels it is useless, he/she would never purchase it. From the attitude-towards-the-ad models, AirAsia, creates such an exposure to ads for consumers, with the same theme of red and white, in their billboards ads, website’s look, magazine and newspaper’s ads, thus affecting the beliefs towards the AirAsia brand. Constant exposure to these ads and commercials, with red and white coloured themed, create the attitude of choosing AirAsia, when the time is come for consumer to make a choice. 2.5. Lifestyle. A person’s activities, interests and opinions, often resulted in that particular person’s lifestyle. The technology nowadays created a new lifestyle in people’s life. Internet and smartphones is becoming more and more important to people. AirAsia recognized this, beside website as their purchasing portal, now people also can purchase air ticket and hotel voucher as well through their smartphones, by creating application for smartphone’s plattforms such as iOS and android. 3.0. Sociological Drivers of consumer behaviour 3.1. Personal Influence. Personal influences resulted from the interaction between one individual and others. These influences can also come from opinion leaders, where one individual can exert certain infulence over other people. e.g., in a working environment, when a manager decided to use AirAsia, even for his/her personal travel, his/her subordinances will be influenced to do the same  thing. 3.2. Reference Groups. When a certain individual looks to a group of people, as a basis of self-appraisal or as a source for personal standards, these group of people can be considered as Reference groups. Marketers must understand: how groups influence individual behaviour, how group influences vary accross products and brands, how to use group influences to develop effective strategies. Recognizing these groups can help the marketing people of AirAsia for their marketing strategies. There are three types of reference groups to create a difference in marketing implications: 3.2.1. Membership group. A membership group is where an individual is actually belong to. 3.2.2. Aspiration group. An aspiration group is a group where an individual want to be indentified to. 3.2.3. Dissociative group. A dissociative group is a group where one individual wants to maintain a distance to, because of differences in values or behaviour. 3.3. The Family. Differential influence of family members can affect the pruchasing decisions. AirAsia recognized this by introducing one credit card for all transactions in their home website. In asian region, in a family, decision usually carried out by the head of the family (the father), or the one who is providing for the whole family. Thus, even where a situation like a joint decision making is arised, the father who has the biggest income usually make the decision. In their website, a father, can create a username, which already included with all the credit card’s data. In this case, any family member who wants to purchase air ticket can easily use their husband’s/father’s username. 3.4. Social Class. Social class is a relatively permanent, homogeneous divisions in a society into which people sharing similar values, interests, and behaviour are grouped. The determinant of social class usually include occupation, source of income and education. AirAsia’s marketing strategies and advertisement spotted these social classes in society, especially the middle-class. The  rise of middle-class economy in asia pacific region created more value-oriented consumer, where value for money is important. Co-workers, students even housewives group can now easily travel and spend holiday together. 3.5. Culture Culture refers to the set of values, ideas and attitudes that are accepted by a homogeneous group of people and transmitted to the next generation. The South East Asian region, where AirAsia is based, is translated to a growing market. By studying the buying patterns of these people, AirAsia can focused their marketing strategies. These growing market in South East Asia, which also recognized by the growing economies, means more and more people have an extra disposable income. The South East Asian people are easily affected by others. A trend is easily formed, if a group of workers, families or students are using AirAsia to travel and explore new places and shared their experiences through social media, it can easily influence other similar groups in the society to do the same thing. 4.0. Consumer Decision Making process. 4.1. Problem recognition. First stage of the consumer decision making process is the problem recognition. At this stage, a consumer is perceiving a need. In AirAsia’s case, is the need to travel. In some AirAsia’s advertisement, the marketing people shows a numerous travel destination, with each separate own picture, and shows how cheap it is now to get to those places by using AirAsia as their airline. Hence, it is underlining the need of the people. This relates to marketing mix, of PRODUCT, PRICE and PLACE. For PRODUCT and PRICE, no airlines before airasia can provide this low fare of airtickets. As for PLACE, airasia provides more destination regionally than any other airlines and also have new sales office in major cities not just in Malaysia, but also Indonesia and the Phillippines. Another thing, the internet booking, how airasia manage to save consumer’s time in purchasing of airticket, people can now buy their airtickets online, or even from their smartphones. The ad shows how cheap it is to travel to Paris. The need to travel,  especially overseas, maybe as honeymoon, is already there, but now AirAsia, with these commercials all over the place, is enhancing that need. 4.2. Information search The information search by the consumers, clarify what options are there available to them. Which airline is the cheapest, which one is the most comfortable, hassle free and so on. There are two steps of information search; 4.2.1. Internal Search. Internal search is where one search one’s memory, recall any previous experience or information, in this case, related to air travel. An individual may remember how hard it is to purchase a ticket using a physical store, where the need to be at the travel agent physically and purchased the ticket. In marketing mix, PROMOTION, airasia is going all-out with their â€Å"now everyone can fly† tagline. Consumer can see this tagline everywhere; billboards on roadsides, magazines, newspaper, even on news website as pop-up advertisement. Airasia is trying to plant this tagline inside everyone’s mind, hence, by the time they want to purchase airticket, they straight away remember of airasia’s â€Å"now everyone can fly†. 4.2.2. External Search. Sources for external information are usually friends and family, public sources, and marketer-dominated source. Marketer-dominated sources are where AirAsia’s marketing team excelled at. Their advertising aggressive all over the place and media, their websites are constantly updating with new time-limited promotions, causing people to access it more often. Now, consumer’s can even subscribe for their newsletter by emails. In relation to marketing mix, airasia provide new PRODUCT/SERVICE. The screenshot above shows AirAsia comes up with hassle free website, with its flash page technology, that shows multiple destinations pictures that always changing in the home page. 4.3. Evaluation of alternatives At this stage, a consumer is evaluating what are the alternatives of choices  he/she has. The company will always enhancing what are their superiorities over competitors. PRICE is one obvious thing why consumer choose AirAsia, theirs will often cheaper than others. Other way doing this is always one step ahead in the technology side of marketing. AirAsia is the first airline that providing online purchasing through the internet. Now, where other low-cost airline also have the same feature on their website, AirAsia have come up with smartphone application. This application can be downloaded to a consumer’s smartphone, and he/she can easily make flight queries or purchasing ticket(s) or even buying hotel voucher, just by using his/her smartphone. 4.4. Purchase decision At this stage, consumer are making their decision in which airline service to choose. AirAsia’s marketing people understand at the previous stages of CDP, they have excelled. Hence, at this stage, their marketing mix, PRODUCT, PRICE, PROMOTION and PLACE of AirAsia have succesfully target the consumer and guiding them into purchasing their service. 4.5. Postpurchase behaviour At this stage, the consumer compares the service they purchased with expectations and is either satisfied of dissastified. Expentancy disconfirmation with performance approach (Oliver, 1997) and the balancing paradigm (Fournier and Mick, 1999) are two current theories of consumer satisfaction. Satisfaction more likely to lead to repeat purchase/loyalty and positive Word of Mouth (WOM). Dissatisfaction more likely to lead to brand switching, complaints and negative word of mouth (WOM). In AirAsia’s case, they try to minimize the consumer’s expectations as low as possible. The two pictures above are the screenshot of airasia website when consumer purchasing airticket. It clearly shows that passengers will not get in-flight refreshment, no complimentary luggage, no choice of seats, unless they purchase all of these things in the website. By doing this, AirAsia managed to get their customer’s expectations as low as possible, beacuse they don’t promise other than the service that you, as a customer, already purchased online. 5.0. Conclusion Airasia has established themselves as a profit making company and a succesful low cost carrier that prompted other airlines in the south east asian region to do the same thing. This company build their brand name with their tag line â€Å"now everyone can fly†, telling people that flying is now more affordable and easy. This tagline is also shaping their marketing mix. For their Product, Price, and Place, airasia clearly introduced a new way of flying by airlines, a cheap and easy one. At Consumer Decision Making process, the Product and Price influenced consumer at the Problem recognizition and Information search step process. With Promotion, they influence the steps of Information search and Purchase decision in the CDP process. Airasia is so aggressive in their promotional activities, by putting their tagline â€Å"now everyone can fly† in every advertisement and commercials. By understanding the psychological drivers and sociological drivers of consumer, airasia have executed its marketing plan briliantly, putting the type of advertisement that suitable. By understanding the Consumer Decision making process, AirAsia provide what kind of values that consumer seeks and asses in the information search, and evaluation of alternatives stages. By the time consumer making their purchase decision and postpurchase behaviour, these values are good enough to make them purchase airasia’s service and by not giving the consumer high expectations from the first time, the satisfaction rate from consumer is high. The succes story of AirAsia marketing strategies shows how important it is for a brand to understand the psychological drivers, sociological drivers and the decision making process of consumer behaviour. 6.0. Bibliography AirAsia.com, 2013. Corporate profile. [online] Available at: [Accessed 22 December 2013]. Cohen, J, B, and Warlop, L. A Motivational Perspective on Means-End Chains. [online] Available at: [Accessed 30 December 2013]. Hawkins, D. I., Best, R. J. and Coney, K. A., 2001. Consumer Behaviour: Building Marketing Strategy. 8th ed. New York: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Lim, Y, K., Mohamed, R., Ariffin, A. and Guan, G, G., 2009. Branding an Airline: A Case Study of AirAsia. [online] Available at: [Accessed 22 December 2013]. Management of Technology, 2009. The AirAsia company strategic management:†How AirAsia can be a leader in the lowest cost carrier in the airplane industry†. [online] Available at: [Accessed 22 December 2013]. MANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE, 2013. Social factors affecting Consumer Behaviour. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 December 2013]. MANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE, 2013. Psychological factors affecting Consumer Behaviour. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 December 2013]. Onwutalobi and Claret, A., 2008. Understanding Marketing Mix in AirAsia Airline Bhd. [online] codewit. Available at: [Accessed 30 December 2013]. Sdsu, 2013. how to print notes. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 December 2013]. Schiffman, L. G. and Kanuk, L. L., 2000. Consumer Behaviour. 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. The Market, Media, Life., 2013. MARKETING 101: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF CONSUMER BUYER BEHAVIOUR. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 December 2013]. The Market, Media, Life., 2013. MARKETING 101: SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER BUYER BEHAVIOUR. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 December 2013]. THE TIMES 100, 2013. Marketing mix (Price, Place, Promotion, Product). [online] Available at: [Accessed 30 December 2013]. USC Marshall, 2008. Consumer Behaviour. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 December 2013]. Yaashoda, Y., 2012. AirAsia Berhad: Strategic analysis of a leading low cost carrier in the Asian region. [online] Available at: [Accessed 22 December 2013]. Yeoh, E. and Chan, J, K, L., 2011. Malaysian Low Cost Airlines: Key Influencing Factors on Customers’ Repeat Purchase Intention. [online] IDOSI Publications. Available at: [Accessed 22 December 2013]. Yuswohady., 2012. Consumer 3000: Revolusi Konsumen Kelas Menengah Indonesia.

Article 33 - Online Casino Gaming Legality - 2030 Words

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